A-Z List


Depression

Journal Articles


Activities

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Gorman, Laura Lee. Assessment, Detection, and Treatment of Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 56 Pages. (May, 1992)

This book describes a study at UW-Eau Claire to understand the perspectives of school psychologists concerning childhood and adolescent depression. This study determined diagnostic criteria, type of assessment instruments used and treatments offered to depressed children. Different uses of music are mentioned such as listening to songs or doing activities set to music to better maintain the child’s attention and focus. A theory is introduced in this study stating the similarities between childhood and adult depression.
McCoy, Kathleen . Coping with Teenage Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4M32. 331 Pages The New American Library, Inc. (1982)

This resource serves as a "parent’s guide" to adolescent depression, and how to detect signs of it. The author describes and gives examples of many problems of teenagers and how often their depression is masked by what is otherwise expected. The use of remedies at home as well as descriptions of professional help is presented in this book, along with descriptions of their effectiveness with teenagers. Listening to music can be used as part of home remedies, and music therapy can be associated with professional help.
Shamoo, Tonia K. and Philip G. Patros. Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescents. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: HV 6546.P38. 214 Pages Allyn and Bacon, Inc. (1989)

This book looks at the problem of suicide in depressed children and adolescents and examines how the symptoms are greatly masked during these stages of their lives. Various therapy interventions, including uses of music therapy, are the focus of a few chapters in this text along with the significance of an adult’s relationship to an adolescent and detection of that child’s depression.
Steffen, John and Paul Karoly. Adolescent Behavior Disorders: Foundations and Contemporary Concerns. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 503. A314. 315 Pages Lexington Books. (1984)

This book is part of a series intended to assist clinicians, students, and researchers wanting a thorough account of new and useful information on the description, assessment, and treatment of disorders of childhood and adolescent depression. Chapter Five focuses on concepts, treatments, and prevention of adolescent depression, such as using music and songs that relate specifically to adolescents. This book also contains sufficient background material and clinical examples to orient beginners to this subject.
Cantwell M.D., Dennis P. (Series Editor) Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 484 Pages Spectrum Publications, Inc.
(1983)

This book, the third in its series, establishes the fact that only recently has depression been investigated in children and adolescents. Clinical, management, and research aspects are the primary focuses in these chapters. This source gives many examples of therapeutic interventions that have been used. Music has been found as one of the most effective strategies to reach children and adolescents, using songs and activities set to music in clinical practice.
Hanser, Suzanne. "Music Therapy and Stress Reduction Research". Journal of Music Therapy, V22, N4, winter 1985

This study explores the relationship between anxiety and stress and the increasing rate of suicide. It describes problems in methodology and in operational definition of relaxing and sedative music and also offers different techniques for measuring relaxation.
Wilkes, T.C.R.. Cognitive Therapy for Depressed Adolescents. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4C64. 396 Pages The Guilford Press. (1994)

The author describes the exciting developments in cognitive therapy and its application to disorders, especially depression. This book deals with the subject of various treatments, including music therapy, for adolescent depression, not just with the disease itself. Step by step procedures for therapy are presented along with a comparison of how therapy must be different for adolescents than for adults.
Starck Ph.D, Kevin D. Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks
Call #: RJ 506. D4S73. 234 Pages The Guilford Press. (1990)

This source provides a review of the empirical basis for the diagnosis of depression in children along with detailed information on how to execute this assessment. It gives examples of treatment programs, including music therapy, used with a large number of children. The variety and complexity of the manifestation of depression in childhood and adolescence is described. Depression is considered as much a disorder of childhood as of adulthood.
Trad, Paul V. Infant and Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506. D4T72. 463 Pages Wiley-Interscience Publication. (1987)

Although this book focuses on childhood, it is especially helpful for use in gaining insight about development into the adolescent phase and the progression and start of depression into this phase. This book also focuses on the impact on larger social forces that may have an effect on the adaptation of children and families. Chapter Ten of this text lists and thoroughly explains various therapeutic approaches for this affective disorder. Music’s usefulness in reaching the adolescent’s mind and surfacing hidden thoughts and problems that they might have is described.
Alexander Capurso, Ph.D., Vincent R. Fisichelli, Ph.D., Leonard Gilman, M.D., Emil A. Gutheil, M.D., Jay T. Wright, Ph.D., and Frances Paperte. Music and Your Emotions. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.M896. 128 Pages, Liveright Publishing Corporation. (1952)

This book explains how music can be used to treat emotions and gives examples of music pieces that can be used for creating different moods. It describes the effects music has on people through examining case (MISSING WORDS) helpful when working with bipolar patients who have lost control over their emotions.
William B. Davies, Kate E. Gfeller, and Michael H. Thaut. An Introduction to Music Therapy: Theory and Practice. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.D28. 379 Pages, William C. Brown Publishers. (1992)

This book provides an overview of bipolar depression and describes the course of illness. It lists different treatments and medication that can be useful for the patient. This book can be very useful when looking for basic information about bipolar depression and when trying to determine which musical treatment would be the best for the patient.
Mark Mays, Ph.D., JD, and James W. Croake, Ph.D., ABPP. Treatment of Depression in Managed Care. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.M3924. 244 Pages, Brunner/Mazel Publishers. (1997)

This book lists the concerns of bipolar patients and describes what to expect from them. It also lists the causes and symptoms of the disorder along with different medications used in treatment and their associated side effects. This book specifically targets children and elderly persons and the effects the disorder has on them. It also recommends areas of focus for therapeutic work, including stress management.
Peter M. Lewinson, Ricardo F. Munoz, Mary Ann Youngren, and Antonette M. Zeiss. Control Your Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.C68. 354 Pages, Prentice-Hall, Inc.. (1978)

This book is a great resource for those who want to control their depression or monitor it themselves. It tells how to develop relaxation skills, increase enjoyable activities, and minimize depressive thoughts. Music Therapists can use this book to help evaluate the depth of the person's depression and to create activities that, when added to music, can serve as helpful tools in the therapy sessions.
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Sex Differences in Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC537.N65. 258 Pages, Stanford University Press. (1990)

This book states that depression is handled differently by different genders and differentpersonality types. It describes varying response styles of the different genders and their personalities. This resource can be used by music therapists to choose the most applicable treatment methods for specific types of people.
Taylor, Dale. Expressive Emphasis in the treatment of intropunitive behavior.Journal of Music Therapy, V6, N2, summer 1969

This journal article reported on one patient who had severe depression and had twice attempted suicide. She rarely spoke except to describe her own worthlessness, showed no emotional reaction to any situation and refused to participate in any activities. However, she showed interest in singing.
Aigen, Kenneth. The Voice of the Forest: A Conception of Music for Music Therapy. Music Therapy, V10, N1, 1991, P.77-78

This journal article examined depression, isolation, suicidal tendencies and uses of creative musical activities. It shows how an individual may learn to embrace and develop using creativity and learning about creation.
Coates, Patricia. Journal of Music Therapy, V27, N3, fall 1990, P.155-6

This journal article gives characteristics of depressed individuals with disabilities and describes how becoming involved with creative musical activities can prevent these individuals from committing suicide. It shows how music can provide hope and a brighter outlook on life.
Field, Tiffany; Martinez, Alex.. Music Shifts Frontal EEG in Depressed Adolescents. Adolescence, spring 98, Vol. 33 Issue 129. Pg. 109

This article describes many different views and research results that are related to using music to try and improve the mental status of depressed individuals. Although the adolescents used in this study did not outwardly show their mood changes, their EEG and salivary cortisol levels changed significantly. The study was conducted with adolescents who were chronically, not clinically, depressed, which may have an impact on the results.
Hendricks, C. Bret; Robinson, Beth; Bradley, Loretta J.; Davis, Kenneth. Using Music Techniques to Treat Adolescent Depression. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, Sept. 1999, Vol. 38, Issue 1. Pg. 39

This article explains that music is an effective way to treat depression, especially inadolescents because the teenagers' lives are centered on music. Some people's choice in music can often affect their moods in a negative way. Different methods and techniques are listed here, as well as descriptions of the type of treatment used by the music therapist.
Smeijsters, Henk; van den Hurk, Jose. Music Therapy Helping to Work Through Grief and Finding Personal Identity. Journal of Music Therapy Vol. 36, No3, Fall 1999

This article focuses on one woman's struggle with depression and finding herself through music therapy. Through the music therapy sessions, this woman was able to express her feelings that she had been suppressing for a very long time. Descriptions of the different activities, her reactions, and how she related the music to her life in a positive manner areincluded.
Hanser, Suzanne B.; Thompson, Larry W.. Effects of Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults. Journals of Gerontology, Nov. 94, Vol. 49, Issue 6

This study was conducted with a group of older adults, all diagnosed with some form of depression. They were divided into three different groups, two receiving music therapy, while the other one received no treatments. The results of the testing concluded that the two groups with music therapy became less anxious. The symptoms of their depression lessened. Descriptions of procedures, the two types of music therapy used, and charts that illustrate the changes that occurred are included.
Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.

This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.
Juliette Alvin. Music Therapy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call #: ML3920.A66 1975. 181 pages Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. New York, New York (1975)

This book explains activities that can be used with patients with mental illnesses. When working with these patients, instruments must be in tune to make the music sound harmonious. Patients find the setting more at ease when the seats are placed in a circle or a semicircle. When the music is played in the middle of the circle, the atmosphere feels more “homey.” A music therapist should have a variety of activities that don't take too much time. A music therapist should play a song that relates to the feelings of the group and see if he or she can possibly change the mood. Music allows for an emotional release. One example given by Juliette Alvin described a psychiatric residential home for adolescent boys. The music therapists gave a concert, treating the boys as any other intelligent humans and filling the show with humor. These boys who were usually aggressive showed interest and enthusiasm at this concert. Music is able to stir up conversation and helps create a state of mind in which a patient is ready to reveal his problems.
Apone, Carl. “Music Therapists' Upbeat Approach Gains New Respect”. Location: UWEC McInytre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call # HEA 26:B4-B5. 2 pages Pittsburgh (Penn.) press (1983). March 24, 1983

Music therapists are developing some new approaches to help their patients. The article gave examples of experiences that happened recently. One example described a psychotic male in his 30's who regained control of his emotions by playing the saxophone. Another 59-year-old man who was depressed was able to learn some simple instruments to ease his emotions. Music is explained to be “non-threatening,” it's fun and it motivates patients to try harder. Music is also an energizer and lessens fatigue. Music may help release emotions when nothing else works.
Bright, Ruth. Music in Geriatric Care. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call # ML3920.B645M9 1972. 116 pages St. Martin's Press, Inc. 175 Fifth Ave. (1972). New York, NY 10010

This book explains how the aging population has a common problem of loneliness which results in depression. Music evokes emotions from a time when they felt more needed. Music allows people to socialize. People can discuss their pleasant memories from a particular time period. They can socialize in choruses or orchestras where a music therapist can even set the mood with a certain type of music. Music encourages motivation and a feeling of importance. Patients with depression should only be given praise in the beginning of the therapy. Patients are often depressed because they feel useless, so they can help clean up or set up to make themselves feel more useful. A music therapist should be aware of mood swings in severely depressed individuals. The therapist should not have them calm down or bang out their feelings on a drum. Instead, the patient should verbally express feelings to the group. By improving respiration, a patient can help break the cycle of depression.
Fadem, Susan Sherman. “Applications of Music Therapy are Growing”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call #: HEA 115:B10. 1 page St. Louis (Mo.) Globe-Democrat. October 22, 1981

This article describes situations in which music therapy can be applied and explains briefly about the structure of music therapy sessions. The article states that music can be played for pleasure, but it can also help improve mental health. Emotions can be expressed when discussing lyrics, and lively music may energize a person who is depressed.
Gaston Ph.D., ed., E. Thaye. Music in Therapy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks
Call #: ML 3920.M897C.3. 490 pages The Macmillan Company (1968). New York, New York

Geneva Scheining Folsom discusses what changes are going to be needed if the number of mental patients increases. Folsom explains how the patients will be there for a shorter amount of time because of the increase in number, so music therapists will need to use more short-term treatment programs and programs the patients can take home with them. Patients will need to learn how to play by ear instead of by sight. A therapist's work will not be secluded to the mental hospital, but instead it will extend to community treatment programs. Folsom fills the chapter with recommendations and suggestions. She also explains the long term goals as having four parts: (1) cure of mental illness, (2) prevention of mental illness, (3) preventative mental health services in a community, and (4) a positive program for improved mental health. Charles E. Braswell explains in his chapter that there are two categories for psychotherapeutic methods. The first one, reconstructive, is where one would usually investigate early experiences. The other category is called supportive, where one learns how to adapt to his or her environment. Patients often have a problem coming out of the clinic and end up back in. Therefore, a music therapist should work on helping them maintain good health after discharge from the clinic.
Goldsmith, Diane. “Music Soothes...” Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call #: HEA 88:G13-G14. 2 pages Atlanta (Ga.) Journal. August 12, 1981 (1981)

This newspaper article is informative to the public, especially to those people who deal with depression. It has been known for a long time that music can bring back old memories, even memories that are in the subconscious. In the 1950's music began to be applied to mental patients. Music is something with which almost all people are familiar. Music allows people to bring out emotions that could not surface and be expressed in other ways and allows people to talk about things that might not surface in different situations. Goldsmith gave an example of a woman who wrote songs. Jerome Frank, this woman's music therapist, helped her to notice in her lyrics what emotions she was feeling. Another comment made by Frank was that an activity like singing in a chorus can make a patient feel safe. There are a number of steps that a patient can take in a situation like this. All in all, the music may not cure a mental patient, but it may be used as a therapeutic tool.
Helligar, Jeremy . “The Singing Shrink”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: People Weekly. 2 pages v. 42 August 29, 1994 (1994)

This article is about the rock star Arthur Brown who used to call himself “god of hellfire” and is now conducting what he calls music therapy sessions. He works with another counselor, Jim Maxwell. The two of them deal with patients of all kinds, including those who are depressed. Brown writes songs based on discussions, where ideas often surface that spark something in the client. Brown's income comes from donations and private investors.
Henk Smeijsters, Gaby Wijzenbeek, Niek van Nieuwenhuijzen. “The Effect of Musical Excerpts on the Evocation of Values for Depressed Patients”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Journal of Music Therapy. 21 pages v.32 (Fall `95) (1995)

This article reports on an experiment conducted in Norway with depressed patients. The purpose of the experiment was to determine which values are important to depressed people and what music evokes these values. The experiment used a method call Receptive Music Therapy (RMT). In this procedure patients listen to music in order to increase awareness and insight. The patients in the experiment were from the Netherlands. For the first phase, the therapist developed a questionnaire on values. The patients listened to three songs and wrote down what value they felt was brought out in the song. In the second phase, patients listened to 16 songs and chose from a list of values. The results showed that music does bring out particular values in depressive patients. The experiment had quite a few variables that may have effected the results of the experiment.
Herman, M.S., E. P. Music Therapy. ML 3920.P752. P. 112-115

This chapter, titled “Music Therapy in Depression,” discusses the close connection between music and feelings and the responses of people while they listen to music.
Schoen, Ph. D., Max. The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.S2 P7. P. 87-113

Tests using vocal and instrumental musical compositions show that a mood change is produced in every instance in every listener, and existing moods are intensified when moods conform with the mood of the music. The feelings most excited by music are rest, sadness, joy, love, longing, and reverence.
Maranto Dileo, Cheryl editor. Music Therapy: International Perspectives. ML 3920.M39. 1993


This book provides perspectives about music therapy in many different countries. Each chapter covers a different country and describes each country's philosophies on music therapy. Also, each chapter contains sections on behavioral disturbances and therapeutic objectives.
Deutsch, Diana . The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.P9. 1982 c.1. P. 497-516

The purpose of this book is to draw together the diverse and scattered literature on musical processing that has accumulated over the last few decades. It is intended as a reference source for all those interested in music and the way it is processed by the listener. Chapter 17 focuses on emotional states and social behavior.
Benenzon, Rolando O. Music Therapy in Child Psychosis. ML 3920.B3813. 1982

This book describes methodologies and techniques of music therapy and various music therapy practices related to depression.

Adults

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Shultis, Carol L Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.

This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Gideonse, Ted. Music is Good Medicine. Newsweek Sept.21, 1998

This article deals with a wide range of benefits that arose from using music therapy. Discussed in the text are the results of using music to reduce depression and stabilize stressed individuals.
Ricci, Claudia. Drumming for the 90s- More Than a Beat. New York Times 1993

This article is about the effects of drumming on stressed working individuals. The text focuses not necessarily on depression, but on improving the quality of life. Drumming decreases stress levels and allows tension release.
Ortiz, John M. Music as Sound Campus Ecology. Campus Ecologist Vol. 8, Number 4, 1990

This article by a psychology student at Pennsylvania State University examines the effect of music upon college students in different situations, including decreasing stress and anxiety. The author explains how music may be used to calm people who often lead hectic, unhealthy and busy lives.
Smeijsters, Henk; van den Hurk, Jose. Music Therapy Helping to Work Through Grief and Finding Personal Identity. Journal of Music Therapy Vol. 36, No3, Fall 1999

This article focuses on one woman's struggle with depression and finding herself through music therapy. Through the music therapy sessions, this woman was able to express her feelings that she had been suppressing for a very long time. Descriptions of the different activities, her reactions, and how she related the music to her life in a positive manner are included.
Hanser, Suzanne B.; Thompson, Larry W. Effects of Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults. Journals of Gerontology, Nov. 94, Vol. 49, Issue 6

This study was conducted with a group of older adults, all diagnosed with some form of depression. They were divided into three different groups, two receiving music therapy, while the other one received no treatments. The results of the testing concluded that the two groups with music therapy became less anxious. The symptoms of their depression lessened. Descriptions of procedures, the two types of music therapy used, and charts that illustrate the changes that occurred are included.
Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.

This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.
Carl Apone. “Music Therapists' Upbeat Approach Gains New Respect”. UWEC McInytre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call # HEA 26:B4-B5. 2 pages Pittsburgh (Penn.) press (1983). March 24, 1983

Music therapists are developing some new approaches to help their patients. The article gave examples of experiences that happened recently. One example described a psychotic male in his 30's who regained control of his emotions by playing the saxophone. Another 59-year-old man who was depressed was able to learn some simple instruments to ease his emotions. Music is explained to be “non-threatening,” it's fun and it motivates patients to try harder. Music is also an energizer and lessens fatigue. Music may help release emotions when nothing else works.

Suzanne B. Hanser and Larry W. Thompson. “Effects of a Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults”. UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Journal of Gerontology. 6 pages v. 49, n6 Nov. 1994 (1994)



This article reports on a follow up of an experiment with 30 depressed older adults in Palo Alto, California. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of music therapy by comparing three conditions: (1) music therapy offered in the home, (2) self-administered music therapy, or (3) without any therapy at all. The music therapist introduced a different technique each week to the home- based music therapy group, and the self-administered group was given directions for a new technique each week. At the end of the nine weeks the patients were given a posttest. Both home-based and self-administered groups improved, and the wait-list control group did not improve. After nine months the patients were given a follow up test. The self-administered group scored their best on this test. All participants explained that they continued to use music after the experiment. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the emotional status improved with the patients who used music therapy.
Droh, Roland M.D., and Ralph Spintge, M.D. Music Medicine. ML3920.I 57. 1992. P. 222-231

This chapter discusses music therapy with depression in older adults. It gives examples of music therapy strategies, instructions, experiences, assessments, and case studies.

Assessment

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Gorman, Laura Lee. Assessment, Detection, and Treatment of Childhood Depression. UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 56 Pages. (May, 1992)

This book describes a study at UW-Eau Claire to understand the perspectives of school psychologists concerning childhood and adolescent depression. This study determined diagnostic criteria, type of assessment instruments used and treatments offered to depressed children. Different uses of music are mentioned such as listening to songs or doing activities set to music to better maintain the child’s attention and focus. A theory is introduced in this study stating the similarities between childhood and adult depression.
Karoly, Paul. and John J. Steffen. Adolescent Behavior Disorders: Foundations and Contemporary Concerns. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 503. A314. 315 Pages. Lexington Books. (1984)

This book is part of a series intended to assist clinicians, students, and researchers wanting a thorough account of new and useful information on the description, assessment, and treatment of disorders of childhood and adolescent depression. Chapter Five focuses on concepts, treatments, and prevention of adolescent depression, such as using music and songs that relate specifically to adolescents. This book also contains sufficient background material and clinical examples to orient beginners to this subject.
Starck, Kevin D. Ph.D. Childhood Depression. UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ. 506. D4S73. 234 Pages The Guilford Press. (1990)

This source provides a review of the empirical basis for the diagnosis of depression in children along with detailed information on how to execute this assessment. It gives examples of treatment programs, including music therapy, used with a large number of children. The variety and complexity of the manifestation of depression in childhood and adolescence is described. Depression is considered as much a disorder of childhood as of adulthood.
Lewinson, Peter M., and Ricardo F. Munoz, Mary Ann Youngren, and Antonette M. Zeiss. Control Your Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.C68. 354 Pages, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1978)

This book is a great resource for those who want to control their depression or monitor it themselves. It tells how to develop relaxation skills, increase enjoyable activities, and minimize depressive thoughts. Music Therapists can use this book to help evaluate the depth of the person's depression and to create activities that, when added to music, can serve as helpful tools in the therapy sessions.
Nolen-Hoeksema. Sex Differences in Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC537.N65. 258 Pages, Stanford University Press. (1990)

This book states that depression is handled differently by different genders and different personality types. It describes varying response styles of the different genders and their personalities. This resource can be used by music therapists to choose the most applicable treatment methods for specific types of people.
Budd, Malcolm Music and the Emotions. ML 3845.B77 1985

This book investigates the relationship between music and the emotions. This book consists of a set of studies in the philosophy of music: it expands and assesses certain theories about the relationship between the art of music and the emotions.
Droh, Roland M.D. and Ralph Spintge, M.D. Music Medicine. ML3920.I 57. 1992. P. 222-231

This chapter discusses music therapy with depression in older adults. It gives examples of music therapy strategies, instructions, experiences, assessments, and case studies.

Benefits

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Adolescence and Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – U.S. Government Public Stacks. Call #: HE 20.8102: Ad 7/2

This document was produced in response to critical and unique needs of the adolescent population. It contains summaries and citations of major research efforts. Part of these research efforts contained music therapy and described its increased effectiveness with adolescence. The links between depression and adolescent behaviors are also described.
Hanser, Suzanne B.; Thompson, Larry W. Effects of Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults. Journal: Journals of Gerontology, Nov. 94, Vol. 49, Issue 6

This study was conducted with a group of older adults, all diagnosed with some form of depression. They were divided into three different groups, two receiving music therapy, while the other one received no treatments. The results of the testing concluded that the two groups with music therapy became less anxious. The symptoms of their depression lessened. Descriptions of procedures, the two types of music therapy used, and charts that illustrate the changes that occurred are included.
Trad, Paul V. Infant and Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506. D4T72. 463 Pages Wiley-Interscience Publication. (1987)

Although this book focuses on childhood, it is especially helpful for use in gaining insight about development into the adolescent phase and the progression and start of depression into this phase. This book also focuses on the impact on larger social forces that may have an effect on the adaptation of children and families. Chapter Ten of this text lists and thoroughly explains various therapeutic approaches for this affective disorder. Music’s usefulness in reaching the adolescent’s mind and surfacing hidden thoughts and problems that they might have is described.

Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Journal: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.



This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.
Alvin, Juliette. Music Therapy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks
Call #: ML3920.A66 1975. 181 pages Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. New York, New York (1975)

This book explains activities that can be used with patients with mental illnesses. When working with these patients, instruments must be in tune to make the music sound harmonious. Patients find the setting more at ease when the seats are placed in a circle or a semicircle. When the music is played in the middle of the circle, the atmosphere feels more “homey.” A music therapist should have a variety of activities that don't take too much time. A music therapist should play a song that relates to the feelings of the group and see if he or she can possibly change the mood. Music allows for an emotional release. One example given by Juliette Alvin described a psychiatric residential home for adolescent boys. The music therapists gave a concert, treating the boys as any other intelligent humans and filling the show with humor. These boys who were usually aggressive showed interest and enthusiasm at this concert. Music is able to stir up conversation and helps create a state of mind in which a patient is ready to reveal his problems.
Apone, Carl. “Music Therapists' Upbeat Approach Gains New Respect. Location: UWEC McInytre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call # HEA 26:B4-B5. 2 pages Pittsburgh (Penn.) press (1983)
March 24, 1983

Music therapists are developing some new approaches to help their patients. The article gave examples of experiences that happened recently. One example described a psychotic male in his 30's who regained control of his emotions by playing the saxophone. Another 59-year-old man who was depressed was able to learn some simple instruments to ease his emotions. Music is explained to be “non-threatening,” it's fun and it motivates patients to try harder. Music is also an energizer and lessens fatigue. Music may help release emotions when nothing else works.
Bright, Ruth. Music in Geriatric Care. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks
Call # ML3920.B645M9 1972. 116 pages St. Martin's Press, Inc. 175 Fifth Ave. (1972)
New York, NY 10010

This book explains how the aging population has a common problem of loneliness which results in depression. Music evokes emotions from a time when they felt more needed. Music allows people to socialize. People can discuss their pleasant memories from a particular time period. They can socialize in choruses or orchestras where a music therapist can even set the mood with a certain type of music. Music encourages motivation and a feeling of importance. Patients with depression should only be given praise in the beginning of the therapy. Patients are often depressed because they feel useless, so they can help clean up or set up to make themselves feel more useful. A music therapist should be aware of mood swings in severely depressed individuals. The therapist should not have them calm down or bang out their feelings on a drum. Instead, the patient should verbally express feelings to the group. By improving respiration, a patient can help break the cycle of depression.
Fadem, Susan Sherman . “Applications of Music Therapy are Growing." Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call #: HEA 115:B10. 1 page St. Louis (Mo.) Globe-Democrat
October 22, 1981

This article describes situations in which music therapy can be applied and explains briefly about the structure of music therapy sessions. The article states that music can be played for pleasure, but it can also help improve mental health. Emotions can be expressed when discussing lyrics, and lively music may energize a person who is depressed.
Goldsmith, Diane. “Music Soothes...” Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Health, Microfiche
Call #: HEA 88:G13-G14. 2 pages Atlanta (Ga.) Journal. August 12, 1981 (1981)

This newspaper article is informative to the public, especially to those people who deal with depression. It has been known for a long time that music can bring back old memories, even memories that are in the subconscious. In the 1950's music began to be applied to mental patients. Music is something with which almost all people are familiar. Music allows people to bring out emotions that could not surface and be expressed in other ways and allows people to talk about things that might not surface in different situations. Goldsmith gave an example of a woman who wrote songs. Jerome Frank, this woman's music therapist, helped her to notice in her lyrics what emotions she was feeling. Another comment made by Frank was that an activity like singing in a chorus can make a patient feel safe. There are a number of steps that a patient can take in a situation like this. All in all, the music may not cure a mental patient, but it may be used as a therapeutic tool.
Hanser, Suzanne B. and Larry W. Thompson. “Effects of a Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Journal of Gerontology. 6 pages v. 49, n6 Nov. 1994 (1994)

This article reports on a follow up of an experiment with 30 depressed older adults in Palo Alto, California. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of music therapy by comparing three conditions: (1) music therapy offered in the home, (2) self-administered music therapy, or (3) without any therapy at all. The music therapist introduced a different technique each week to the home- based music therapy group, and the self-administered group was given directions for a new technique each week. At the end of the nine weeks the patients were given a posttest. Both home-based and self-administered groups improved, and the wait-list control group did not improve. After nine months the patients were given a follow up test. The self-administered group scored their best on this test. All participants explained that they continued to use music after the experiment. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the emotional status improved with the patients who used music therapy.
“Therapy Set to Music”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Health. 1 page February 1, 1992 (1992)

This resource contains a brief article explaining how music is being used with patients with severe depression. Music allows for the psychologist and the patient to feel more comfortable. Music may reduce blood pressure, moderate brainwave activity, and reduce anxiety.
Spintge, Ralph M.D. and Roland Droh, M.D. MusicMedicine. ML3920.I 57. 1992. P. 222-231

This chapter discusses music therapy with depression in older adults. It gives examples of music therapy strategies, instructions, experiences, assessments, and case studies.
Schoen, Max Ph D. The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.S2 P7. P. 87-113

Tests using vocal and instrumental musical compositions show that a mood change is produced in every instance in every listener, and existing moods are intensified when moods conform with the mood of the music. The feelings most excited by music are rest, sadness, joy, love, longing, and reverence.
Radocy, Rudolf E. and J. David Boyle. Psychological Foundations of Musical Behavior. ML 3830.R15
P. 181-220

This book provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of human musical behavior as viewed from a psychological perspective. The entire book presents useful information, but chapter 6 is especially applicable for affective behaviors and music.
Music Therapy for Handicapped Children. ML 3920.C6. P. 53-54

These pages discuss the social-emotional adjustments of severely visually impaired children and how music can help. It begins at birth when an infant is bonded to his/her parents. As children get older, they become frustrated when seeking meaningful relationships outside the home. Participation in music groups provides the contact necessary to initiate friendship.

Bipolar

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Title: Music and Your Emotions. Authors: Alexander Capurso, Ph.D., Vincent R. Fisichelli, Ph.D., Leonard Gilman, M.D., Emil A. Gutheil, M.D., Jay T. Wright, Ph.D., and Frances Paperte. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.M896. 128 Pages, Liveright Publishing Corporation. (1952)

This book explains how music can be used to treat emotions and gives examples of music pieces that can be used for creating different moods. It describes the effects music has on people through examining case (MISSING WORDS) helpful when working with bipolar patients who have lost control over their emotions.
Davies, William B., Kate E. Gfeller, and Michael H. Thaut. An Introduction to Music Therapy: Theory and Practice. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.D28. 379 Pages, William C. Brown Publishers. (1992)

This book provides an overview of bipolar depression and describes the course of illness. It lists different treatments and medication that can be useful for the patient. This book can be very useful when looking for basic information about bipolar depression and when trying to determine which musical treatment would be the best for the patient.
Mark Mays, Ph.D., JD, and James W. Croake, Ph.D., ABPP. Treatment of Depression in Managed Care. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.M3924. 244 Pages, Brunner/Mazel Publishers. (1997)

This book lists the concerns of bipolar patients and describes what to expect from them. It also lists the causes and symptoms of the disorder along with different medications used in treatment and their associated side effects. This book specifically targets children and elderly persons and the effects the disorder has on them. It also recommends areas of focus for therapeutic work, including stress management.
Daniel W. Badal. Treatment of Depression and Related Moods. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks
Call Number: RC 537.B3. 451 Pages, Jason Aronson, Inc.(1988)

This book explores different types of bipolar depression. It specifically describes symptoms and courses of illness, both mild and severe, for those patients with hypomania and bipolar II. Treatments using varying medications are also explained along with concerns for patients. This book would be a useful tool to use to categorize and understand patients with hypomania or bipolar II and to use to select treatment methods.
Mary Priestly. Music Therapy in Action. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.P88. 275 Pages, St. Martin's Press. (1975)

This book proposes dancing as one method to use to help manic patients express themselves. It describes how music can be used for relaxation and lists some techniques to use. Information on how to handle the constantly changing moods of bipolar depressed patients is also discussed.
Georgia Hudson Smith. The Song Writing Process: a Woman's Struggle Against Depression and Suicide. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15985-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona. (1991)

This article describes how music therapy was used for a 27 year-old woman who was suicidal, depressed, and bordering on a personality disorder. By using song-writing techniques to share thoughts and emotions, the woman gained regard for herself and later unlocked her own secrets.
Marcia E. Murphy. Group Therapy in Acute Psychiatric Care: the Treatment of a Depressed Woman Following Neurological Trauma. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15932-ac
Phoenixville, Barcelona. (1991)

In this article, group Music Therapy was used in the systematic treatment of a 43 year-old woman suffering from depression due to a neurologic trauma. Group experience gave the woman psychosocial support along with greater insight into herself. Group work also gave her coping skills that she was able to use in her everyday life.
Paul Nolan. Group Improvisational Therapy for a Resistant Woman with Bipolar Disorder - Manic. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15932-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona
(1991)

This article describes how improvisational therapy was used to help a woman with bipolar disorder acquire awareness and acknowledge the elements of her illness. Through the group sessions, she was able to reduce resistant behavior and enter a supportive relationship with the others. She later generalized what went on in the group session and applied it towards her daily life
Peter M. Lewinson, Ricardo F. Munoz, Mary Ann Youngren, and Antonette M. Zeiss. Control Your Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.C68. 354 Pages, Prentice-Hall, Inc.(1978)

This book is a great resource for those who want to control their depression or monitor it themselves. It tells how to develop relaxation skills, increase enjoyable activities, and minimize depressive thoughts. Music Therapists can use this book to help evaluate the depth of the person's depression and to create activities that, when added to music, can serve as helpful tools in the therapy sessions.
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Sex Differences in Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC537.N65. 258 Pages, Stanford University Press. (1990)

This book states that depression is handled differently by different genders and different personality types. It describes varying response styles of the different genders and their personalities. This resource can be used by music therapists to choose the most applicable treatment methods for specific types of people.

Characteristics

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Kathleen McCoy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ. 506.D4M32. 331 Pages The New American Library, Inc.. (1982)

This resource serves as a "parent’s guide" to adolescent depression, and how to detect signs of it. The author describes and gives examples of many problems of teenagers and how often their depression is masked by what is otherwise expected. The use of remedies at home as well as descriptions of professional help is presented in this book, along with descriptions of their effectiveness with teenagers. Listening to music can be used as part of home remedies, and music therapy can be associated with professional help.

 

Donald H. McKnew, Jr.Why Isn’t Johnny Crying?. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4M34. 187 Pages W.W. Norton and Company. (1983)



This book focuses on not only creating awareness of childhood depression and its treatment but also on prevention. The family aspect is stressed throughout the chapters. The authors give examples of treatments that can be used directly in the home of the depressed child, such as using different types of music to help the children express their thoughts and concerns. The characteristics of depression are compared and contrasted between the stages of childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
Adolescence and Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – U.S. Government Public Stacks
Call #: HE 20.8102: Ad 7/2

This document was produced in response to critical and unique needs of the adolescent population. It contains summaries and citations of major research efforts. Part of these research efforts contained music therapy and described its increased effectiveness with adolescence. The links between depression and adolescent behaviors are also described.
William B. Davies, Kate E. Gfeller, and Michael H. Thaut. An Introduction to Music Therapy: Theory and Practice. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.D28. 379 Pages, William C. Brown Publishers. (1992)

This book provides an overview of bipolar depression and describes the course of illness. It lists different treatments and medication that can be useful for the patient. This book can be very useful when looking for basic information about bipolar depression and when trying to determine which musical treatment would be the best for the patient.
Mark Mays, Ph.D., JD, and James W. Croake, Ph.D., ABPP. Treatment of Depression in Managed Care. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.M3924. 244 Pages, Brunner/Mazel Publishers. (1997)

This book lists the concerns of bipolar patients and describes what to expect from them. It also lists the causes and symptoms of the disorder along with different medications used in treatment and their associated side effects. This book specifically targets children and elderly persons and the effects the disorder has on them. It also recommends areas of focus for therapeutic work, including stress management.
Daniel W. Badal. Treatment of Depression and Related Moods. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks
Call Number: RC 537.B3. 451 Pages, Jason Aronson, Inc.. (1988)

This book explores different types of bipolar depression. It specifically describes symptoms and courses of illness, both mild and severe, for those patients with hypomania and bipolar II. Treatments using varying medications are also explained along with concerns for patients. This book would be a useful tool to use to categorize and understand patients with hypomania or bipolar II and to use to select treatment methods.
Mary Priestly. Music Therapy in Action. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.P88. 275 Pages, St. Martin's Press. (1975)

This book proposes dancing as one method to use to help manic patients express themselves. It describes how music can be used for relaxation and lists some techniques to use. Information on how to handle the constantly changing moods of bipolar depressed patients is also discussed.
Beverly Rubin and William J. Crowly. Clinical considerations of visual distortion of musical notation. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V3, N3, September 1966

This journal article provides a description of warning signs in a suicidal patient, such as withdrawal, lack of interest in friends, and the end of favored activities. It describes a specific case about a girl who attempted to commit suicide when feeling overwhelmed by her Grandmother’s death and other family problems. This article also suggests musical activities used to help her, including reintroducing her to the piano.
Dale Taylor. Expressive Emphasis in the treatment of intropunitive behavior. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V6, N2, summer 1969

This journal article reported on one patient who had severe depression and had twice attempted suicide. She rarely spoke except to describe her own worthlessness, showed no emotional reaction to any situation and refused to participate in any activities. However, she showed interest in singing.
Kenneth Aigen. The Voice of the Forest: A Conception of Music for Music Therapy. Source: Music Therapy, V10, N1, 1991, P.77-78

This journal article examined depression, isolation, suicidal tendencies and uses of creative musical activities. It shows how an individual may learn to embrace and develop using creativity and learning about creation.
Patricia Coates. Journal of Music Therapy, V27, N3, fall 1990, P.155-6

This journal article gives characteristics of depressed individuals with disabilities and describes how becoming involved with creative musical activities can prevent these individuals from committing suicide.  It shows how music can provide hope and a brighter outlook on life.
Field, Tiffany; Martinez, Alex.. Music Shifts Frontal EEG in Depressed Adolescents. Journal: Adolescence, spring 98, Vol. 33 Issue 129. Pg. 109

This article describes many different views and research results that are related to using music to try and improve the mental status of depressed individuals. Although the adolescents used in this study did not outwardly show their mood changes, their EEG and salivary cortisol levels changed significantly. The study was conducted with adolescents who were chronically, not clinically, depressed, which may have an impact on the results.
Ruth Bright. Music in Geriatric Care. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call # ML3920.B645M9 1972. 116 pages St. Martin's Press, Inc.175 Fifth Ave. (1972). New York, NY 10010

This book explains how the aging population has a common problem of loneliness which results in depression. Music evokes emotions from a time when they felt more needed. Music allows people to socialize. People can discuss their pleasant memories from a particular time period. They can socialize in choruses or orchestras where a music therapist can even set the mood with a certain type of music. Music encourages motivation and a feeling of importance. Patients with depression should only be given praise in the beginning of the therapy. Patients are often depressed because they feel useless, so they can help clean up or set up to make themselves feel more useful. A music therapist should be aware of mood swings in severely depressed individuals. The therapist should not have them calm down or bang out their feelings on a drum. Instead, the patient should verbally express feelings to the group. By improving respiration, a patient can help break the cycle of depression.

Children

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Kathleen McCoy. Coping with Teenage Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4M32. 331 Pages The New American Library, Inc..(1982)

This resource serves as a "parent’s guide" to adolescent depression, and how to detect signs of it. The author describes and gives examples of many problems of teenagers and how often their depression is masked by what is otherwise expected. The use of remedies at home as well as descriptions of professional help is presented in this book, along with descriptions of their effectiveness with teenagers. Listening to music can be used as part of home remedies, and music therapy can be associated with professional help.
Laura Lee Gorman. Assessment, Detection, and Treatment of Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 56 Pages
(May, 1992)

This book describes a study at UW-Eau Claire to understand the perspectives of school psychologists concerning childhood and adolescent depression. This study determined diagnostic criteria, type of assessment instruments used and treatments offered to depressed children. Different uses of music are mentioned such as listening to songs or doing activities set to music to better maintain the child’s attention and focus. A theory is introduced in this study stating the similarities between childhood and adult depression.
Philip G. Patros and Tonia K. Shamoo. Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescents. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: HV 6546.P38, 214 Pages Allyn and Bacon, Inc. (1989)

This book looks at the problem of suicide in depressed children and adolescents and examines how the symptoms are greatly masked during these stages of their lives. Various therapy interventions, including uses of music therapy, are the focus of a few chapters in this text along with the significance of an adult’s relationship to an adolescent and detection of that child’s depression.
Paul Karoly and John J. Steffen. Adolescent Behavior Disorders: Foundations and Contemporary Concerns. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 503. A314. 315 Pages. Lexington Books. (1984)

This book is part of a series intended to assist clinicians, students, and researchers wanting a thorough account of new and useful information on the description, assessment, and treatment of disorders of childhood and adolescent depression. Chapter Five focuses on concepts, treatments, and prevention of adolescent depression, such as using music and songs that relate specifically to adolescents. This book also contains sufficient background material and clinical examples to orient beginners to this subject.
Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. (Series Editor). Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 484 Pages Spectrum Publications, Inc.(1983)

This book, the third in its series, establishes the fact that only recently has depression been investigated in children and adolescents. Clinical, management, and research aspects are the primary focuses in these chapters. This source gives many examples of therapeutic interventions that have been used. Music has been found as one of the most effective strategies to reach children and adolescents, using songs and activities set to music in clinical practice.
T.C.R. Wilkes. Cognitive Therapy for Depressed Adolescents. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4C64. 396 Pages The Guilford Press. (1994)

The author describes the exciting developments in cognitive therapy and its application to disorders, especially depression. This book deals with the subject of various treatments, including music therapy, for adolescent depression, not just with the disease itself. Step by step procedures for therapy are presented along with a comparison of how therapy must be different for adolescents than for adults.
Donald H. McKnew, Jr. Why Isn’t Johnny Crying? Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks
Call #: RJ 506.D4M34. 187 Pages W.W. Norton and Company. (1983)

This book focuses on not only creating awareness of childhood depression and its treatment but also on prevention. The family aspect is stressed throughout the chapters. The authors give examples of treatments that can be used directly in the home of the depressed child, such as using different types of music to help the children express their thoughts and concerns. The characteristics of depression are compared and contrasted between the stages of childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
Kevin D. Starck, Ph.D. Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks
Call #: RJ 506. D4S73. 234 Pages The Guilford Press. (1990)

This source provides a review of the empirical basis for the diagnosis of depression in children along with detailed information on how to execute this assessment. It gives examples of treatment programs, including music therapy, used with a large number of children. The variety and complexity of the manifestation of depression in childhood and adolescence is described. Depression is considered as much a disorder of childhood as of adulthood.
Adolescence and Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – U.S. Government Public Stacks
Call #: HE 20.8102: Ad 7/2

This document was produced in response to critical and unique needs of the adolescent population. It contains summaries and citations of major research efforts. Part of these research efforts contained music therapy and described its increased effectiveness with adolescence. The links between depression and adolescent behaviors are also described.
Trad, Pail V. Infant and Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks
Call #: RJ 506. D4T72. 463 Pages Wiley-Interscience Publication. (1987)

Although this book focuses on childhood, it is especially helpful for use in gaining insight about development into the adolescent phase and the progression and start of depression into this phase. This book also focuses on the impact on larger social forces that may have an effect on the adaptation of children and families. Chapter Ten of this text lists and thoroughly explains various therapeutic approaches for this affective disorder. Music’s usefulness in reaching the adolescent’s mind and surfacing hidden thoughts and problems that they might have is described.
Croake, James W. , Ph.D., ABPP and Mark Mays, Ph.D., JD. Treatment of Depression in Managed Care. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.M3924. 244 Pages, Brunner/Mazel Publishers. (1997)

This book lists the concerns of bipolar patients and describes what to expect from them. It also lists the causes and symptoms of the disorder along with different medications used in treatment and their associated side effects. This book specifically targets children and elderly persons and the effects the disorder has on them. It also recommends areas of focus for therapeutic work, including stress management.
Stratln, Valerie N. Ph.D. and Annete H. Zalanowski. The relationship between characteristic moods and most commonly listened type of Music. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V34, N2, summer 1997

This journal article examines the effect of music on the behavior of adolescents and traits such as rebelliousness, hostility and antisocial behaviors. It also compares the effects of rock and rap music with easy listening and country music on the behavior of clients in a mental institution. It found that rock and rap music often elicits unpleasant and negative emotions that lead to destructive behavior, while easy listening and country music improved the moods of the clients.
Crowly, William J. and Beverly Rubin. Clinical considerations of visual distortion of musical notation. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V3, N3, September 1966

This journal article provides a description of warning signs in a suicidal patient, such as withdrawal, lack of interest in friends, and the end of favored activities. It describes a specific case about a girl who attempted to commit suicide when feeling overwhelmed by her Grandmother’s death and other family problems. This article also suggests musical activities used to help her, including reintroducing her to the piano.
Field, Tiffany; Martinez, Alex.. Music Shifts Frontal EEG in Depressed Adolescents. Journal: Adolescence, spring 98, Vol. 33 Issue 129. Pg. 109

This article describes many different views and research results that are related to using music to try and improve the mental status of depressed individuals. Although the adolescents used in this study did not outwardly show their mood changes, their EEG and salivary cortisol levels changed significantly. The study was conducted with adolescents who were chronically, not clinically, depressed, which may have an impact on the results.
Hendricks, C. Bret; Robinson, Beth; Bradley, Loretta J.; Davis, Kenneth. Using Music Techniques to Treat Adolescent Depression. Journal: Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, Sept. 1999, Vol. 38, Issue 1. Pg. 39

This article explains that music is an effective way to treat depression, especially in adolescents because the teenagers' lives are centered on music. Some people's choice in music can often affect their moods in a negative way. Different methods and techniques are listed here, as well as descriptions of the type of treatment used by the music therapist.
Gideonse, Ted. Music is Good Medicine. Newsweek Sept.21, 1998

This article deals with a wide range of benefits that arose from using music therapy. Discussed in the text are the results of using music to reduce depression and stabilize stressed individuals.
Alvin, Juliette. Music Therapy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call #: ML3920.A66 1975. 181 pages Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. New York, New York (1975)

This book explains activities that can be used with patients with mental illnesses. When working with these patients, instruments must be in tune to make the music sound harmonious. Patients find the setting more at ease when the seats are placed in a circle or a semicircle. When the music is played in the middle of the circle, the atmosphere feels more “homey.” A music therapist should have a variety of activities that don't take too much time. A music therapist should play a song that relates to the feelings of the group and see if he or she can possibly change the mood. Music allows for an emotional release. One example given by Juliette Alvin described a psychiatric residential home for adolescent boys. The music therapists gave a concert, treating the boys as any other intelligent humans and filling the show with humor. These boys who were usually aggressive showed interest and enthusiasm at this concert. Music is able to stir up conversation and helps create a state of mind in which a patient is ready to reveal his problems.
Benenzon, Rolando O. Music Therapy in Child Psychosis. ML 3920.B3813. 1982

This book describes methodologies and techniques of music therapy and various music therapy practices related to depression.

Music Therapy for Handicapped Children. ML 3920.C6. P. 53-54

These pages discuss the social-emotional adjustments of severely visually impaired children and how music can help. It begins at birth when an infant is bonded to his/her parents. As children get older, they become frustrated when seeking meaningful relationships outside the home. Participation in music groups provides the contact necessary to initiate friendship.


Dance

Top

Priestly, Mary. Music Therapy in Action. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.P88. 275 Pages, St. Martin's Press. (1975)

This book proposes dancing as one method to use to help manic patients express themselves. It describes how music can be used for relaxation and lists some techniques to use. Information on how to handle the constantly changing moods of bipolar depressed patients is also discussed.

Emotional Status

Top

Capurso, Alexander, Ph. D., Vincent R. Fisichelli, Ph.D., Leonard Gilman, M.D., Emil A. Gutheil, M.D., Jay T. Wright, Ph.D., and Frances Paperte. Music and Your Emotions. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.M896. 128 Pages, Liveright Publishing Corporation. (1952)

This book explains how music can be used to treat emotions and gives examples of music pieces that can be used for creating different moods. It describes the effects music has on people through examining case (MISSING WORDS) helpful when working with bipolar patients who have lost control over their emotions.
Lewinson, Peter M. Ricardo F. Munoz, Mary Ann Youngren, and Antonette M. Zeiss. Control Your Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.C68. 354 Pages, Prentice-Hall, Inc.. (1978)

This book is a great resource for those who want to control their depression or monitor it themselves. It tells how to develop relaxation skills, increase enjoyable activities, and minimize depressive thoughts. Music Therapists can use this book to help evaluate the depth of the person's depression and to create activities that, when added to music, can serve as helpful tools in the therapy sessions.
Straton, Valerie N. Ph.D. and Annete H. Zalanowski. The relationship between characteristic moods and most commonly listened type of Music. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V34, N2, summer 1997

This journal article examines the effect of music on the behavior of adolescents and traits such as rebelliousness, hostility and antisocial behaviors. It also compares the effects of rock and rap music with easy listening and country music on the behavior of clients in a mental institution. It found that rock and rap music often elicits unpleasant and negative emotions that lead to destructive behavior, while easy listening and country music improved the moods of the clients.
Bloom, Larry J., Ph D. and William Neal Governsmith, M.S. Effects of Heavy Metal Music on Arousal and Anger. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V34, N1, spring 1997

This study examined the effects of heavy metal music. Some heavy metal music album covers depict suicidal and homicidal images, which can be disturbing.
Hendricks, C. Bret; Robinson, Beth; Bradley, Loretta J.; Davis, Kenneth. Using Music Techniques to Treat Adolescent Depression. Journal: Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, Sept. 1999, Vol. 38, Issue 1. Pg. 39

This article explains that music is an effective way to treat depression, especially in adolescents because the teenagers' lives are centered on music. Some people's choice in music can often affect their moods in a negative way. Different methods and techniques are listed here, as well as descriptions of the type of treatment used by the music therapist.
Shultis, Carol L. Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Journal: Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.

This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Journal: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.

This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.
Alvin, Juliette. Music Therapy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call #: ML3920.A66 1975. 181 pages Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. New York, New York (1975)

This book explains activities that can be used with patients with mental illnesses. When working with these patients, instruments must be in tune to make the music sound harmonious. Patients find the setting more at ease when the seats are placed in a circle or a semicircle. When the music is played in the middle of the circle, the atmosphere feels more “homey.” A music therapist should have a variety of activities that don't take too much time. A music therapist should play a song that relates to the feelings of the group and see if he or she can possibly change the mood. Music allows for an emotional release. One example given by Juliette Alvin described a psychiatric residential home for adolescent boys. The music therapists gave a concert, treating the boys as any other intelligent humans and filling the show with humor. These boys who were usually aggressive showed interest and enthusiasm at this concert. Music is able to stir up conversation and helps create a state of mind in which a patient is ready to reveal his problems.
Apone, Carl. “Music Therapists' Upbeat Approach Gains New Respect”. Location: UWEC McInytre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call # HEA 26:B4-B5. 2 pages Pittsburgh (Penn.) press (1983)
March 24, 1983

Music therapists are developing some new approaches to help their patients. The article gave examples of experiences that happened recently. One example described a psychotic male in his 30's who regained control of his emotions by playing the saxophone. Another 59-year-old man who was depressed was able to learn some simple instruments to ease his emotions. Music is explained to be “non-threatening,” it's fun and it motivates patients to try harder. Music is also an energizer and lessens fatigue. Music may help release emotions when nothing else works.
Bright, Ruth. Music in Geriatric Care. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks
Call # ML3920.B645M9 1972. 116 pages St. Martin's Press, Inc.. 175 Fifth Ave. (1972). New York, NY 10010

This book explains how the aging population has a common problem of loneliness which results in depression. Music evokes emotions from a time when they felt more needed. Music allows people to socialize. People can discuss their pleasant memories from a particular time period. They can socialize in choruses or orchestras where a music therapist can even set the mood with a certain type of music. Music encourages motivation and a feeling of importance. Patients with depression should only be given praise in the beginning of the therapy. Patients are often depressed because they feel useless, so they can help clean up or set up to make themselves feel more useful. A music therapist should be aware of mood swings in severely depressed individuals. The therapist should not have them calm down or bang out their feelings on a drum. Instead, the patient should verbally express feelings to the group. By improving respiration, a patient can help break the cycle of depression.
Fadem, Susam Sherman. “Applications of Music Therapy are Growing”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call #: HEA 115:B10. 1 page St. Louis (Mo.) Globe-Democrat. October 22, 1981

This article describes situations in which music therapy can be applied and explains briefly about the structure of music therapy sessions. The article states that music can be played for pleasure, but it can also help improve mental health. Emotions can be expressed when discussing lyrics, and lively music may energize a person who is depressed.
Gaston, E. Thayer, PhD., ed. Music in Therapy. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call #: ML 3920.M897C.3. 490 pages The Macmillan Company (1968). New York, New York

Geneva Scheining Folsom discusses what changes are going to be needed if the number of mental patients increases. Folsom explains how the patients will be there for a shorter amount of time because of the increase in number, so music therapists will need to use more short-term treatment programs and programs the patients can take home with them. Patients will need to learn how to play by ear instead of by sight. A therapist's work will not be secluded to the mental hospital, but instead it will extend to community treatment programs. Folsom fills the chapter with recommendations and suggestions. She also explains the long term goals as having four parts: (1) cure of mental illness, (2) prevention of mental illness, (3) preventative mental health services in a community, and (4) a positive program for improved mental health. Charles E. Braswell explains in his chapter that there are two categories for psychotherapeutic methods. The first one, reconstructive, is where one would usually investigate early experiences. The other category is called supportive, where one learns how to adapt to his or her environment. Patients often have a problem coming out of the clinic and end up back in. Therefore, a music therapist should work on helping them maintain good health after discharge from the clinic.
Goldsmith, Diane. “Music Soothes...” Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Health, Microfiche. Call #: HEA 88:G13-G14. 2 pages Atlanta (Ga.) Journal. August 12, 1981 (1981)

This newspaper article is informative to the public, especially to those people who deal with depression. It has been known for a long time that music can bring back old memories, even memories that are in the subconscious. In the 1950's music began to be applied to mental patients. Music is something with which almost all people are familiar. Music allows people to bring out emotions that could not surface and be expressed in other ways and allows people to talk about things that might not surface in different situations. Goldsmith gave an example of a woman who wrote songs. Jerome Frank, this woman's music therapist, helped her to notice in her lyrics what emotions she was feeling. Another comment made by Frank was that an activity like singing in a chorus can make a patient feel safe. There are a number of steps that a patient can take in a situation like this. All in all, the music may not cure a mental patient, but it may be used as a therapeutic tool.
Hanser, Suzanne B. and Larry W. Thompson. “Effects of a Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults.” Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Journal of Gerontology. 6 pages v. 49, n6 Nov. 1994 (1994)

This article reports on a follow up of an experiment with 30 depressed older adults in Palo Alto, California. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of music therapy by comparing three conditions: (1) music therapy offered in the home, (2) self-administered music therapy, or (3) without any therapy at all. The music therapist introduced a different technique each week to the home- based music therapy group, and the self-administered group was given directions for a new technique each week. At the end of the nine weeks the patients were given a posttest. Both home-based and self-administered groups improved, and the wait-list control group did not improve. After nine months the patients were given a follow up test. The self-administered group scored their best on this test. All participants explained that they continued to use music after the experiment. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the emotional status improved with the patients who used music therapy
Helligar, Jeremy. “The Singing Shrink”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: People Weekly. 2 pages v. 42 August 29, 1994 (1994)

This article is about the rock star Arthur Brown who used to call himself “god of hellfire” and is now conducting what he calls music therapy sessions. He works with another counselor, Jim Maxwell. The two of them deal with patients of all kinds, including those who are depressed. Brown writes songs based on discussions, where ideas often surface that spark something in the client. Brown's income comes from donations and private investors.
Ricci, Claudia. Drumming for the 90s- More Than a Beat. Journal: New York Times 1993

This article is about the effects of drumming on stressed working individuals. The text focuses not necessarily on depression, but on improving the quality of life. Drumming decreases stress levels and allows tension release.
Smeijsters, Henk; van den Hurk, Jose. Music Therapy Helping to Work Through Grief and Finding Personal Identity. Journal: Journal of Music Therapy Vol. 36, No3, Fall 1999

This article focuses on one woman's struggle with depression and finding herself through music therapy. Through the music therapy sessions, this woman was able to express her feelings that she had been suppressing for a very long time. Descriptions of the different activities, her reactions, and how she related the music to her life in a positive manner are included.
Nieuwenhujzen, Niek van, Henk Smeijsters, Gaby Wijzenbeek. “The Effect of Musical Excerpts on the Evocation of Values for Depressed Patients." Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm
Call #: Journal of Music Therapy. 21 pages v.32 (Fall `95) (1995)

This article reports on an experiment conducted in Norway with depressed patients. The purpose of the experiment was to determine which values are important to depressed people and what music evokes these values. The experiment used a method call Receptive Music Therapy (RMT). In this procedure patients listen to music in order to increase awareness and insight. The patients in the experiment were from the Netherlands. For the first phase, the therapist developed a questionnaire on values. The patients listened to three songs and wrote down what value they felt was brought out in the song. In the second phase, patients listened to 16 songs and chose from a list of values. The results showed that music does bring out particular values in depressive patients. The experiment had quite a few variables that may have effected the results of the experiment.
Hendricks, C. Bret; Robinson, Beth; Bradley, Loretta J.; Davis, Kenneth. Using Music Techniques to Treat Adolescent Depression. Journal: Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, Sept. 1999, Vol. 38, Issue 1. Pg. 39

This article explains that music is an effective way to treat depression, especially in adolescents because the teenagers' lives are centered on music. Some people's choice in music can often affect their moods in a negative way. Different methods and techniques are listed here, as well as descriptions of the type of treatment used by the music therapist.
Budd, Malcolm. Music and the Emotions. ML 3845.B77 1985

This book investigates the relationship between music and the emotions. This book consists of a set of studies in the philosophy of music: it expands and assesses certain theories about the relationship between the art of music and the emotions.
Music and Your Emotions
ML 3920.M896

This book describes a plan of action for people who want to test the relationship of music and the emotions. Includes is a history of psychologists' attempts to study the relation of music and the emotions.
Schoen, Maz, Ph D. The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.S2 P7. P. 87-113

Tests using vocal and instrumental musical compositions show that a mood change is produced in every instance in every listener, and existing moods are intensified when moods conform with the mood of the music. The feelings most excited by music are rest, sadness, joy, love, longing, and reverence.
Maranto Dileo, Cheryl. (editor) Music Therapy: International Perspectives. ML 3920.M39. 1993


This book provides perspectives about music therapy in many different countries. Each chapter covers a different country and describes each country's philosophies on music therapy. Also, each chapter contains sections on behavioral disturbances and therapeutic objectives.
Boyle, J. David. and Rudolf E. Radocy. Psychological Foundations of Musical Behavior. ML 3830.R15
P. 181-220

This book provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of human musical behavior as viewed from a psychological perspective. The entire book presents useful information, but chapter 6 is especially applicable for affective behaviors and music.
Deutsch, Diana. The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.P9. 1982 c.1. P. 497-516

The purpose of this book is to draw together the diverse and scattered literature on musical processing that has accumulated over the last few decades. It is intended as a reference source for all those interested in music and the way it is processed by the listener. Chapter 17 focuses on emotional states and social behavior.
Music Therapy for Handicapped Children. ML 3920.C6. P. 53-54

These pages discuss the social-emotional adjustments of severely visually impaired children and how music can help. It begins at birth when an infant is bonded to his/her parents. As children get older, they become frustrated when seeking meaningful relationships outside the home. Participation in music groups provides the contact necessary to initiate friendship.

Family

Top

McCoy, Kathleen. Coping with Teenage Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4M32. 331 Pages The New American Library, Inc. (1982)

This resource serves as a "parent’s guide" to adolescent depression, and how to detect signs of it. The author describes and gives examples of many problems of teenagers and how often their depression is masked by what is otherwise expected. The use of remedies at home as well as descriptions of professional help is presented in this book, along with descriptions of their effectiveness with teenagers. Listening to music can be used as part of home remedies, and music therapy can be associated with professional help.
Patros, Philip G. and Tonia K. Shamoo. Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescents. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: HV 6546.P38. 214 Pages Allyn and Bacon, Inc. (1989)

This book looks at the problem of suicide in depressed children and adolescents and examines how the symptoms are greatly masked during these stages of their lives. Various therapy interventions, including uses of music therapy, are the focus of a few chapters in this text along with the significance of an adult’s relationship to an adolescent and detection of that child’s depression.
McKnew, Donald H. , Jr. Why Isn’t Johnny Crying? Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4M34. 187 Pages W.W. Norton and Company. (1983)

This book focuses on not only creating awareness of childhood depression and its treatment but also on prevention. The family aspect is stressed throughout the chapters. The authors give examples of treatments that can be used directly in the home of the depressed child, such as using different types of music to help the children express their thoughts and concerns. The characteristics of depression are compared and contrasted between the stages of childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
Gideonse, Ted. Music is Good Medicine. Journal: Newsweek Sept.21, 1998

This article deals with a wide range of benefits that arose from using music therapy. Discussed in the text are the results of using music to reduce depression and stabilize stressed individuals.

Geriatrics

Top

Croake, James W., Ph D., ABPP. and Mark Mays, Ph.D., JD. Treatment of Depression in Managed Care. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.M3924. 244 Pages, Brunner/Mazel Publishers. (1997)

This book lists the concerns of bipolar patients and describes what to expect from them. It also lists the causes and symptoms of the disorder along with different medications used in treatment and their associated side effects. This book specifically targets children and elderly persons and the effects the disorder has on them. It also recommends areas of focus for therapeutic work, including stress management.
Bright, Ruth. Music in Geriatric Care. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks. Call # ML3920.B645M9 1972. 116 pages St. Martin's Press, Inc. 175 Fifth Ave. (1972). New York, NY 10010

This book explains how the aging population has a common problem of loneliness which results in depression. Music evokes emotions from a time when they felt more needed. Music allows people to socialize. People can discuss their pleasant memories from a particular time period. They can socialize in choruses or orchestras where a music therapist can even set the mood with a certain type of music. Music encourages motivation and a feeling of importance. Patients with depression should only be given praise in the beginning of the therapy. Patients are often depressed because they feel useless, so they can help clean up or set up to make themselves feel more useful. A music therapist should be aware of mood swings in severely depressed individuals. The therapist should not have them calm down or bang out their feelings on a drum. Instead, the patient should verbally express feelings to the group. By improving respiration, a patient can help break the cycle of depression.
Droh, Rolad, M.D. and Ralph Spintge, M.D. MusicMedicine. ML3920.I 57. 1992. P. 222-231

This chapter discusses music therapy with depression in older adults. It gives examples of music therapy strategies, instructions, experiences, assessments, and case studies.

Group Therapy

Top

Murphy, Marcia E. Group Therapy in Acute Psychiatric Care: the Treatment of a Depressed Woman Following Neurological Trauma. Location: UWEC Library Files
Call Number: RILM # 94-15932-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona. (1991)

In this article, group Music Therapy was used in the systematic treatment of a 43 year-old woman suffering from depression due to a neurologic trauma. Group experience gave the woman psychosocial support along with greater insight into herself. Group work also gave her coping skills that she was able to use in her everyday life.
Nolan, Paul. Group Improvisational Therapy for a Resistant Woman with Bipolar Disorder - Manic. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15932-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona. (1991)

This article describes how improvisational therapy was used to help a woman with bipolar disorder acquire awareness and acknowledge the elements of her illness. Through the group sessions, she was able to reduce resistant behavior and enter a supportive relationship with the others. She later generalized what went on in the group session and applied it towards her daily life.
Shultis, Carol L. Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Journal: Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.

This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Music Therapy for Handicapped Children. ML 3920.C6. P. 53-54

These pages discuss the social-emotional adjustments of severely visually impaired children and how music can help. It begins at birth when an infant is bonded to his/her parents. As children get older, they become frustrated when seeking meaningful relationships outside the home. Participation in music groups provides the contact necessary to initiate friendship.

In-Home Therapy

Top

McCoy, Kathleen. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ. 506.D4M32. 331 Pages The New American Library, Inc. (1982)

This resource serves as a "parent’s guide" to adolescent depression, and how to detect signs of it. The author describes and gives examples of many problems of teenagers and how often their depression is masked by what is otherwise expected. The use of remedies at home as well as descriptions of professional help is presented in this book, along with descriptions of their effectiveness with teenagers. Listening to music can be used as part of home remedies, and music therapy can be associated with professional help.
McKnew Jr., Donald H. Why Isn’t Johnny Crying? Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks
Call #: RJ 506.D4M34. 187 Pages W.W. Norton and Company. (1983)

This book focuses on not only creating awareness of childhood depression and its treatment but also on prevention. The family aspect is stressed throughout the chapters. The authors give examples of treatments that can be used directly in the home of the depressed child, such as using different types of music to help the children express their thoughts and concerns. The characteristics of depression are compared and contrasted between the stages of childhood, adolescence and adulthood.This book focuses on not only creating awareness of childhood depression and its treatment but also on prevention. The family aspect is stressed throughout the chapters. The authors give examples of treatments that can be used directly in the home of the depressed child, such as using different types of music to help the children express their thoughts and concerns. The characteristics of depression are compared and contrasted between the stages of childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
Hanser, Suzanne B. and Larry W. Thompson. “Effects of a Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Journal of Gerontology. 6 pages v. 49, n6 Nov. 1994 (1994)

This article reports on a follow up of an experiment with 30 depressed older adults in Palo Alto, California. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of music therapy by comparing three conditions: (1) music therapy offered in the home, (2) self-administered music therapy, or (3) without any therapy at all. The music therapist introduced a different technique each week to the home- based music therapy group, and the self-administered group was given directions for a new technique each week. At the end of the nine weeks the patients were given a posttest. Both home-based and self-administered groups improved, and the wait-list control group did not improve. After nine months the patients were given a follow up test. The self-administered group scored their best on this test. All participants explained that they continued to use music after the experiment. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the emotional status improved with the patients who used music therapy.

Lyric Analysis

Top

Smeijsters, Henk, Gaby Wijzenbeek, Niek van Nieuwenhuijzen. “The Effect of Musical Excerpts on the Evocation of Values for Depressed Patients”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Journal of Music Therapy. 21 pages v.32 (Fall `95) (1995)

This article reports on an experiment conducted in Norway with depressed patients. The purpose of the experiment was to determine which values are important to depressed people and what music evokes these values. The experiment used a method call Receptive Music Therapy (RMT). In this procedure patients listen to music in order to increase awareness and insight. The patients in the experiment were from the Netherlands. For the first phase, the therapist developed a questionnaire on values. The patients listened to three songs and wrote down what value they felt was brought out in the song. In the second phase, patients listened to 16 songs and chose from a list of values. The results showed that music does bring out particular values in depressive patients. The experiment had quite a few variables that may have effected the results of the experiment.

Medical Effects

Top

Field, Tiffany; Martinez, Alex. Music Shifts Frontal EEG in Depressed Adolescents. Journal: Adolescence, spring 98, Vol. 33 Issue 129. Pg. 109

This article describes many different views and research results that are related to using music to try and improve the mental status of depressed individuals. Although the adolescents used in this study did not outwardly show their mood changes, their EEG and salivary cortisol levels changed significantly. The study was conducted with adolescents who were chronically, not clinically, depressed, which may have an impact on the results.
Harrar, Sari. Got Pain? Got the Blues? Try the Music Cure. Journal: Prevention, Aug 99, Vol. 51, Issue 8.

This article offers a wonderful resource for people who are searching for personal uses of music therapy. There are examples of recommended types of music for getting to sleep, reducing stress, beating depression, and relieving pain. Music recommendations are included for each section along with strategies to help achieve the desired goal.
Ortiz, John M. Music as Sound Campus Ecology. Journal: Campus Ecologist Vol. 8, Number 4, 1990

This article by a psychology student at Pennsylvania State University examines the effect of music upon college students in different situations, including decreasing stress and anxiety. The author explains how music may be used to calm people who often lead hectic, unhealthy and busy lives.
Smeijsters, Henk; van den Hurk, Jose. Music Therapy Helping to Work Through Grief and Finding Personal Identity. Journal: Journal of Music Therapy Vol. 36, No3, Fall 1999

This article focuses on one woman's struggle with depression and finding herself through music therapy. Through the music therapy sessions, this woman was able to express her feelings that she had been suppressing for a very long time. Descriptions of the different activities, her reactions, and how she related the music to her life in a positive manner are included.
“Therapy Set to Music” Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm. Call #: Health. 1 page February 1, 1992 (1992)

This resource contains a brief article explaining how music is being used with patients with severe depression. Music allows for the psychologist and the patient to feel more comfortable. Music may reduce blood pressure, moderate brainwave activity, and reduce anxiety.
Schoen, Max, Ph D. The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.S2 P7. P. 87-113

Tests using vocal and instrumental musical compositions show that a mood change is produced in every instance in every listener, and existing moods are intensified when moods conform with the mood of the music. The feelings most excited by music are rest, sadness, joy, love, longing, and reverence.

Personal

Top

Field, Tiffany; Martinez, Alex.. Music Shifts Frontal EEG in Depressed Adolescent. Journal: Adolescence, spring 98, Vol. 33 Issue 129. Pg. 109

This article describes many different views and research results that are related to using music to try and improve the mental status of depressed individuals. Although the adolescents used in this study did not outwardly show their mood changes, their EEG and salivary cortisol levels changed significantly. The study was conducted with adolescents who were chronically, not clinically, depressed, which may have an impact on the results.
Shultis, Carol L. Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Journal: Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.

This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Gideonse, Ted. Music is Good Medicine. Journal: Newsweek Sept.21, 1998

This article deals with a wide range of benefits that arose from using music therapy. Discussed in the text are the results of using music to reduce depression and stabilize stressed individuals.
Ricci, Claudia. Drumming for the 90s- More Than a Beat. Journal: New York Times 1993

This article is about the effects of drumming on stressed working individuals. The text focuses not necessarily on depression, but on improving the quality of life. Drumming decreases stress levels and allows tension release.
Harrar, Sari. Got Pain? Got the Blues? Try the Music Cure. Journal: Prevention, Aug 99, Vol. 51, Issue 8.

This article offers a wonderful resource for people who are searching for personal uses of music therapy. There are examples of recommended types of music for getting to sleep, reducing stress, beating depression, and relieving pain. Music recommendations are included for each section along with strategies to help achieve the desired goal.
Ortiz, John M. Music as Sound Campus Ecology. Journal: Campus Ecologist Vol. 8, Number 4, 1990

This article by a psychology student at Pennsylvania State University examines the effect of music upon college students in different situations, including decreasing stress and anxiety. The author explains how music may be used to calm people who often lead hectic, unhealthy and busy lives.
Smeijsters, Henk; van den Hurk, Jose. Music Therapy Helping to Work Through Grief and Finding Personal Identity. Journal: Journal of Music Therapy Vol. 36, No3, Fall 1999

This article focuses on one woman's struggle with depression and finding herself through music therapy. Through the music therapy sessions, this woman was able to express her feelings that she had been suppressing for a very long time. Descriptions of the different activities, her reactions, and how she related the music to her life in a positive manner are included.
Music and Your Emotions. ML 3920.M896

This book describes a plan of action for people who want to test the relationship of music and the emotions. Includes is a history of psychologists' attempts to study the relation of music and the emotions.
Schoen, Max, Ph. D. The Psychology of Music. ML 3830.S2 P7. P. 87-113

Tests using vocal and instrumental musical compositions show that a mood change is produced in every instance in every listener, and existing moods are intensified when moods conform with the mood of the music. The feelings most excited by music are rest, sadness, joy, love, longing, and reverence.

Stress Management & Relaxation

Top

Murphy, Marcia E. Group Therapy in Acute Psychiatric Care: the Treatment of a Depressed Woman Following Neurological Trauma. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15932-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona. (1991)

In this article, group Music Therapy was used in the systematic treatment of a 43 year-old woman suffering from depression due to a neurologic trauma. Group experience gave the woman psychosocial support along with greater insight into herself. Group work also gave her coping skills that she was able to use in her everyday life.
Nolan, Paul. Group Improvisational Therapy for a Resistant Woman with Bipolar Disorder - Manic. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15932-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona. (1991)

This article describes how improvisational therapy was used to help a woman with bipolar disorder acquire awareness and acknowledge the elements of her illness. Through the group sessions, she was able to reduce resistant behavior and enter a supportive relationship with the others. She later generalized what went on in the group session and applied it towards her daily life
Shultis, Carol L. Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Journal: Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.

This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Music Therapy for Handicapped Children. ML 3920.C6. P. 53-54

These pages discuss the social-emotional adjustments of severely visually impaired children and how music can help. It begins at birth when an infant is bonded to his/her parents. As children get older, they become frustrated when seeking meaningful relationships outside the home. Participation in music groups provides the contact necessary to initiate friendship.
Preistly, Mary. Music Therapy in Action. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: ML 3920.P88. 275 Pages, St. Martin's Press. (1975)

This book proposes dancing as one method to use to help manic patients express themselves. It describes how music can be used for relaxation and lists some techniques to use. Information on how to handle the constantly changing moods of bipolar depressed patients is also discussed.

Lewinson, Peter M, Ricardo F. Munoz, Mary Ann Youngren, and Antonette M. Zeiss. Control Your Depression. Location: UWEC Library Main Stacks. Call Number: RC 537.C68. 354 Pages, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1978)



This book is a great resource for those who want to control their depression or monitor it themselves. It tells how to develop relaxation skills, increase enjoyable activities, and minimize depressive thoughts. Music Therapists can use this book to help evaluate the depth of the person's depression and to create activities that, when added to music, can serve as helpful tools in the therapy sessions.
Hanser, Suzanne. Music Therapy and Stress Reduction Research. Source: Journal of Music Therapy, V22, N4, winter 1985

This study explores the relationship between anxiety and stress and the increasing rate of suicide. It describes problems in methodology and in operational definition of relaxing and sedative music and also offers different techniques for measuring relaxation

Shultis, Carol L Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Journal: Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.



This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Gideonse, Ted. Music is Good Medicine. Journal: Newsweek Sept.21, 1998

This article deals with a wide range of benefits that arose from using music therapy. Discussed in the text are the results of using music to reduce depression and stabilize stressed individuals.
Ricci, Claudia. Drumming for the 90s- More Than a Beat. Journal: New York Times 1993

This article is about the effects of drumming on stressed working individuals. The text focuses not necessarily on depression, but on improving the quality of life. Drumming decreases stress levels and allows tension release.
Harrar, Sari. Got Pain? Got the Blues? Try the Music Cure. Journal: Prevention, Aug 99, Vol. 51, Issue8.

This article offers a wonderful resource for people who are searching for personal uses of music therapy. There are examples of recommended types of music for getting to sleep, reducing stress, beating depression, and relieving pain. Music recommendations are included for each section along with strategies to help achieve the desired goal.

Research (Family)

Top

Cantwell, Dennis P. , M.D. (Series Editor) Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 484 Pages Spectrum Publications, Inc. (1983)

This book, the third in its series, establishes the fact that only recently has depression been investigated in children and adolescents. Clinical, management, and research aspects are the primary focuses in these chapters. This source gives many examples of therapeutic interventions that have been used. Music has been found as one of the most effective strategies to reach children and adolescents, using songs and activities set to music in clinical practice.

Adolescence and Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – U.S. Government Public Stacks. Call #: HE 20.8102: Ad 7/2



This document was produced in response to critical and unique needs of the adolescent population. It contains summaries and citations of major research efforts. Part of these research efforts contained music therapy and described its increased effectiveness with adolescence. The links between depression and adolescent behaviors are also described.
Hanser, Suzanne B.; Thompson, Larry W. Effects of Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults. Journal: Journals of Gerontology, Nov. 94, Vol. 49, Issue 6

This study was conducted with a group of older adults, all diagnosed with some form of depression. They were divided into three different groups, two receiving music therapy, while the other one received no treatments. The results of the testing concluded that the two groups with music therapy became less anxious. The symptoms of their depression lessened. Descriptions of procedures, the two types of music therapy used, and charts that illustrate the changes that occurred are included.
Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Journal: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.

This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.
Hanser, Suzanne B. Larry W. Thompson. “Effects of a Music Therapy Strategy on Depressed Older Adults”. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm Call #: Journal of Gerontology 6 pages v. 49, n6 Nov. 1994 (1994)

This article reports on a follow up of an experiment with 30 depressed older adults in Palo Alto, California. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of music therapy by comparing three conditions: (1) music therapy offered in the home, (2) self-administered music therapy, or (3) without any therapy at all. The music therapist introduced a different technique each week to the home- based music therapy group, and the self-administered group was given directions for a new technique each week. At the end of the nine weeks the patients were given a posttest. Both home-based and self-administered groups improved, and the wait-list control group did not improve. After nine months the patients were given a follow up test. The self-administered group scored their best on this test. All participants explained that they continued to use music after the experiment. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the emotional status improved with the patients who used music therapy.
Smeijsters, Henk, Gaby Wijzenbeek, Niek van Nieuwenhuijzen . “The Effect of Musical Excerpts on the Evocation of Values for Depressed Patients" Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Microfilm Call #: Journal of Music Therapy 21 pages v.32 (Fall `95) (1995)

This article reports on an experiment conducted in Norway with depressed patients. The purpose of the experiment was to determine which values are important to depressed people and what music evokes these values. The experiment used a method call Receptive Music Therapy (RMT). In this procedure patients listen to music in order to increase awareness and insight. The patients in the experiment were from the Netherlands. For the first phase, the therapist developed a questionnaire on values. The patients listened to three songs and wrote down what value they felt was brought out in the song. In the second phase, patients listened to 16 songs and chose from a list of values. The results showed that music does bring out particular values in depressive patients. The experiment had quite a few variables that may have effected the results of the experiment.

Social

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Shultis, Carol L Music Therapy for Inpatient Psychiatric Care in the 1990s. Journal: Psychiatric Times, Feb 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 2.

This article focuses on many uses of music therapy, including studies conducted with depressed patients. The methods described were used in a group setting and resulted in long term benefits, including reduced stress and improved sleep. Since the amount of time that inpatients remain in the hospital is diminishing, the article addresses the time constraint issue as well as low funding.
Ricci, Claudia. Drumming for the 90s- More Than a Beat. Journal: New York Times 1993

This article is about the effects of drumming on stressed working individuals. The text focuses not necessarily on depression, but on improving the quality of life. Drumming decreases stress levels and allows tension release.
Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Journal: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.

This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.
Bright, Ruth. Music in Geriatric Care. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library--Main Stacks Call # ML3920.B645M9 1972 116 pages St. Martin's Press, Inc. 175 Fifth Ave. (1972) New York, NY 10010

This book explains how the aging population has a common problem of loneliness which results in depression. Music evokes emotions from a time when they felt more needed. Music allows people to socialize. People can discuss their pleasant memories from a particular time period. They can socialize in choruses or orchestras where a music therapist can even set the mood with a certain type of music. Music encourages motivation and a feeling of importance. Patients with depression should only be given praise in the beginning of the therapy. Patients are often depressed because they feel useless, so they can help clean up or set up to make themselves feel more useful. A music therapist should be aware of mood swings in severely depressed individuals. The therapist should not have them calm down or bang out their feelings on a drum. Instead, the patient should verbally express feelings to the group. By improving respiration, a patient can help break the cycle of depression.
Droh, Roland M.D. and Ralph Spintge, M.D. MusicMedicine. ML3920.I 57   1992   P. 222-231

This chapter discusses music therapy with depression in older adults. It gives examples of music therapy strategies, instructions, experiences, assessments, and case studies.
Deutsch, Diana. The Psychology of Music   ML 3830.P9   1982 c.1   P. 497-516

The purpose of this book is to draw together the diverse and scattered literature on musical processing that has accumulated over the last few decades. It is intended as a reference source for all those interested in music and the way it is processed by the listener. Chapter 17 focuses on emotional states and social behavior.
Music Therapy for Handicapped Children   ML 3920.C6   P. 53-54

These pages discuss the social-emotional adjustments of severely visually impaired children and how music can help. It begins at birth when an infant is bonded to his/her parents. As children get older, they become frustrated when seeking meaningful relationships outside the home. Participation in music groups provides the contact necessary to initiate friendship.

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Gorman, Laura Lee. Assessment, Detection, and Treatment of Childhood Depression. Location: UWEC McIntyre Library – Main Stacks. Call #: RJ 506.D4A38. 56 Pages. (May, 1992)

This book describes a study at UW-Eau Claire to understand the perspectives of school psychologists concerning childhood and adolescent depression. This study determined diagnostic criteria, type of assessment instruments used and treatments offered to depressed children. Different uses of music are mentioned such as listening to songs or doing activities set to music to better maintain the child’s attention and focus. A theory is introduced in this study stating the similarities between childhood and adult depression.


Smith, Georgia Hudson. The Song Writing Process: a Woman's Struggle Against Depression and Suicide. Location: UWEC Library Files. Call Number: RILM # 94-15985-ac. Phoenixville, Barcelona
(1991)

This article describes how music therapy was used for a 27 year-old woman who was suicidal, depressed, and bordering on a personality disorder. By using song-writing techniques to share thoughts and emotions, the woman gained regard for herself and later unlocked her own secrets.
Cordobes, Tania K. Group Songwriting as a Method for Developing Group Cohesion for HIV-Seropositive Adult Patients with Depression. Journal: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, Spring 96, Vol. 26, Issue 1.

This article explores the use of music therapy with HIV patients who are depressed. They divided the patients into three groups. One group used music therapy, one used game playing, and the third received no treatment. The results revealed that the group that used music therapy responded more by the end of the study than the other two groups. They showed less signs of their depression than the other groups did.